Bayonet Frog
Estonian vocabulary
Germanic languages
The heaviest external supply, almost a third of the vocabulary, comes from Germanic languages, mainly from the Low Saxon (Low German way) during the period of German domination, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Lower Saxony and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with the Low Saxon who make up about 15 percent.
Scratch lexical enrichment
Estonian language planners, as Ado Grenzstein (a working journalist in Estonia in the 1870s90s) tried to use the training from scratch, Urschpfung, that is, they have created new words from scratch. Examples are the Teen Grenzstein mint kabe raughts, ladies and men Hess.
The most famous reformer of the Estonian language, Johannes Aavik (18801973), also used for creation ex nihilo (cf. constructions ree, Tauli 1977), with other sources of enrichment such as lexical derivations, compositions and loans (often in Finnish, cf Saareste and Raun 1965: 76.). Aavik belonged to the so-called Noor-Eesti (Estonia OUNG) movement, which appeared in Tartu, a university town in south-eastern Estonia, around 1905 (for discussion, see Raun 1991). In Aavik Dictionary (1921), which lists about 4000 words, there are many words that were (allegedly) created from scratch. Consider URPOSE ESE, Kolp Kull, liibuma hang o, o naasma back, back, NME tupid, dull, large district, reetma o betray Solga lim, flexible, graceful (which has no foreign exchange gain, cf. Contemporary Estonian graatsiline raceful, although the word itself, curiously, is used to a certain type of parasitic worm, namely Ascaris lumbricoides), and o veenma convincing. Aavikisms other scratch (not in Aavik 1921) include nentima o admit, the state nrdima o indignant, SMEs onscience, tik and act. "
Note, however, that many neologisms that were considered (often by Aavik itself) as words concocted from scratch may have been influenced by foreign lexical items, such as the words of Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider Relva eapon report revolver English rhyme roim against the Crime English, Siiri uncertain relation to English sincere / serious kiss kiss o embama report in English and taunima o condemn, disapprove against Finnish judge tuomita o (these appear in 1921 Aavikisms Aavik dictionary). Also consider having evim o, own, own (see also Estonian Omama o own, and Mul, lit o me, that is me or there, which means you.) Versus British have, LAUP orehead lob over Russian orehead; MRV o mrvama urder and murder from murder in English (these do not appear in Aavikisms Aavik 1921), and report orpse LAIP German and German Leib ody Leiche Ody, corpse. These words could be better seen as a particular manifestation of the morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign element vocabulary. Sound changes often irregular and arbitrary might then be explained not as a foreign influence unconscious, but rather as a conscious manipulation the coin. Aavik seems to have paid little attention to the origin of his neologisms. On occasion, he replaced the existing words and phrases native neologisms of foreign origin. Therefore, Aavik can not be seen as a purist in the traditional sense, it is that he was not nti-foreignisms/loanwords as such.
Picture of the word production
Original proposal
Number of root words
Period
Examples
Nostratic (hypothetical, controversial)
130?
… 10 000 BC
m (in) an "I" s (in) a "you", "water" vesi, tabama 'to catch, seize, catch, hit, arbuma 'magic, the charm, "" auger "Puur, poeg" son "," sole "of the PKK," language "keel pelgama have afraid, scared, "sva" deep, deep "Vedam 'to pull, pull, drag, carry, drive," ks' a 'Nimi' name ', too' that 'kes' who'
Uralic
120
50004000 BC
Ala 'in, sub "," front "of" high, top ', ESI, taga "behind", refer to "do this,' MIS 'what', ei ' no '; Minem go' Tulema "Next" tundma "feel" ujuma "swim", pelgama be afraid, fear, "kaduma" to disappear, "mskma" wash "," tree "Puu, spruce kuusk ', fir (- tree)," Birch "KIV" cloudberry " Muraki, "summer" suvi "days" of EPI, 'echo' Kaja, "the moon, Luna" Kuu, 'snow' Lumi, marshes, bogs, marshes 'soo, jet Juga "falls, cascade," kala' fish ', k' snake Orvet, sisalik "lizard" keel "language; language, "KRV" ear, "Luu bone 'maks" liver ", pos" knee ", psk' cheek," "eye" Silm, "Egg" Muna, Neelam 'to swallow, "" room "Pala, Sulger" feather "," fire "Tuli, Ember (s), coal" iff, "ski" suusk, "arrow" nool, Sudmant "Ramer" punuma 'knitting', 'copper' Vaska, 'belt, girdle' v; elam "in live, live "koolma 'to die, disappear, death, power VGI" strength, force, might, strength' sala 'secret', dwarf 'woman'; Kaks "two", Viis "five"
Finno-Ugric
270
40003000 BC
"Brain" AJU 'spinal' di, 'soul' hing, pea 'head', 'tooth' pii 'bile, bile "SAPP, tanks' belly, stomach "Aru 'sense of reason", "ice" day, dawn, dawn, dawn "Koité," drumlins "voor" Willow "PAJU,' rowan 'Pihl" Birch "Kask," Berry "Mari," huckleberry "Pohl," crust "Kamar, 'fox' Rebane, marten" Nugis, "hedgehog" SIIL " sheep "UTT, 'mouse' hiir, ruffed 'p' capercaillie 'MTU' crow 'Vares," swallow "psuke" cat "SGA" ide "sinas, SRG" Roach "," lice "ti," ants "kusilane, koi" butterfly, bug ';' home, the room " Koda, "village" KLA, "burn, blaze" LEEP kdema burn "heat", 'pot' pada 'soup, broth, stir' LEEM ' butter 'vi,' knife 'Vits, vestma "carve", "clay for the stock market; sau" dress "SBA; Kolm' three ', Neli" four 'Kuus "six", "witch" nest, "self" ise, weather, air' ilm, "winter" MLAT, the fall "GIS," age "IgA" father "ISA, poeg" son ", KDI brother-in-law," Kond "the hood", "white" Valge "gray hahk Eider," new "UUS" perfect "Sepp
Finno-Permic
50140
25001500 BC
"Stomach" KHT "throat" kri "leg, the hock 'sr," cave "Koob, prm' dust, earth", "manure" snnik, PEDA (JAS) "Pin" kuslapuu "Honeysuckle," "branch" OKS "nuts" phkel, "fiber" kiud, 'dog' Peni, "Squirrel" Orava, "the eagle" Kotkas, "threshing barn" rehi, kuduma 'weaving, knitting, "Crossbow" AMB, mla rowing, paddling "" Angle "ng, i" father-mother "," thunder "ike, law, better" Parem, Vana 'old'; luna 'South, noon, Meel "spirit"
Finno-Volgaic
100150
15001000 BC
'Return' Selg, "muzzle" Koon "paw" KPP, the "spirit" Vaima, "spring" kevad, "star" THT, "lake" JRV, 'Aspen' Haab, "Ash" Saar, "oak" Tamm, "Maple" Vaher, "nutty" sarapuu, "straw" LG, "cow" LEHM, "pig" SIGA, buttermilk "Pett, jahvatama to grind" kurg 'crane, stork, Kurvits "Sandpiper," "horse fly' parm," gnats "SSK; keema" boiling "hiilgama 'to shine, to shine, "kis 'sleeves' piir" border "Vene" boat "Lell uncle, father, brother," Jumale " god "Aher 'sterile' jahe" cool "kva" hard "sva" deep "; kargama" jump ", pesema" wash " psim "to stay, to stay," lpsma 'Milk'
Finno-Lappic
130150
1000500 BC
vihm 'rain' 'Foam' sammal, "valley" org, "grains, fruits 'vili, PSA" bush "," project "pud, nn' happiness fortune, "" brother "veli" miracle "EMI," poetry "Luule, back, behind" Taga, "truth" tsi, NLG "Hunger," kll "surely"
Baltic-Finnish
600800
500 BC 800 AD
PDER "moose" "Stream" Oja, udu "fog", hobu "horse", "pin" mnd, "speaking the word" KNE, SNA 'word', 'time' AEG Eile "yesterday", "child" turns, "people" rahvas, linn 'town', 'knife' Nuga, "shoe" King JüLGE "Fat"
Estonian and unknown
appr. 1000
RNI "Si", "coast" Roye "job" Salk, 'Twilight' videvik, gorges, valleys "jrak, saliva" ila "prairie" aas, 'lime' Lubi, "smell" lhn "leech" kaan, "Barley" kesv "cape" rp,-Hiili "sneak", "sweet, sweet 'Mahe mru" bitter "," carrion "PRIA, Roni-' climbing "+ many onomatopoeic words-describing
Artificial
5060
veenma "To persuade, convince," "Crime" roim (probably derived from English "crime"), "dead body, corpse 'LAIP (probably derived from the German" Leib ") "Skull" Kolp, Relva weapon, arm, "" thing "ESE" conscience scruples "SME" assassinate "MRV (probably derived of German "teeth"), "dream" of Ulm, Siiri "sincere, honest," strict, severe, severe, austere, harsh, inexorable, implacable "wide (? Streng German ',' strng" Swedish), sulnis "sweet, sweet, sweet, nme" stupid " taunima "to disapprove, disparage, deplore, naasma return" reetma "betraying" (probably from the German "(ver) raten ') embama "embrace" Eiram "ignore", "private residence" eramu, etlema conduct "," speaker "Klar," refrigerator "klmik," measure "Meed, 'souvenir' Meena, siirdama 'transplantation', 'information' Teav, "teenager" teismeline, "television" TELER, "publication" Lliteras, randama, levima, SVA (muusika), "work of art" Tales, "skate" Rula
Proto-Indo-European loans (hypothetical)
appr. 50
50003000 BC
HIGI "Sweat," "lips" huul, "leg" koib, "ear" KRV, Kube "Aine" KLG "side", "meat" liha, tab 'chin', 'skin, leather' nahk, "breast" rind, Selg "return", "hill, mountain MGI, put" forest " Neem 'Cap', 'moor' NMM, "stream" Oja, "valley" org, Saarland "island", "bog" soo, "boom" Ahven, 'Pike' Haug, Koger 'crucian carp, Koha "zander, RBIs' whitefish," whitefish "SIIG, Vimba' Vimba bream," " Hare "JNES," frog "konn; Helmes 'pearls'
Indo-European and Indo-Iranian loans
2045
30001000 BC
"Honey" mesi "salt" Sool, "party" OSA, sada 'cent', 'piglet' PRSA, "veal" varss, VRSA "Horn", puhas "clean", "hammer" Vasar
Proto-Baltic and Baltic loans
100150
1500500 BC
"Tooth" Hammas, "goose" Hani, "hay" Hein, "pea" Hernes, his "tribe", Oinas "time", "boiled" Puder, "hell" prgu, "wheel" ATAR "seed" SeeMe "wall" of Sein, put "wood", "prairie Waterside 'Luhta," friend "SBER, tuhat" Mille " "Groove" vague "luge" REGI "wool" Vill, veel "more time", "neck" Kael, "ax" kirves, laisk "lazy"
Proto-Germanic and Germanic loans
380
2000 13th century BC
Agan, Ader "plow," Humala, "chicken" kana "oats" Kaer, Rukis "Rye", "sheep" Lammas "bread" Leib, "field" LDP, "train" of the AER, "Fish trap" DSU "ship" laevis "seine net" Noot "veil" Puri; kuld gold, "Raud" iron "," tin " tina, "farming" sukka "kettle" Katel, "candle" knal, "dough" Taigen; Kuningas "king", "loan" laen "ransom bail "luna, raha" Money "rikas" rich "," the parish community "vald, 'rock' kalju," shore " Kallas, "coast" rand; armas 'expensive', 'disease' awning, "beautiful" Kaunas, ja "and"
Old Slavic loan
5075
10th13th century
Aken "window", "plow" Sahki, PROS "Sickle", "market" Turgi, Teng (Elpung) "money", "pagans" pagan "priest" Papp, "book" raamat, "cross" Rist, "fur coat" Kasuka
Proto-Latvian ready
40
6th7th century
"Hemp" Kanepi, 'lenses' LTS 'poppy' Magun, "otter" udras 'tomcat' Kuts, "form" palak "rag" lupard, Harima "cultivate, educate, clean," "bread" kukkel, "garland" Vanik, laabuma 'prosper, "" bowl "Kauss, mulk' inhabitant of Viljandi County, pastel" leather slipper '
Loans at low Saxon
750
12th16th century
kool "School", "kidney" neer, "coast" Ribi, "gravel" Kruus, "storm" Torm, 'krvits "Pumpkin," Peet' beet salat 'salade' petersell "Parsley" mnt 'play', kmen 'caraway, cumin, "" laurels "loorber' palm (tree) 'Palm," dam "Tamm, Roos' pink' 'Plum' ploom; "wolf hound 'hunting," kitchen "kk, oatmeal kruubid'", "kringle, the type of dough" kringel, pannkook "Pancake", "lard" PEKK, "kind of dough" prantssai, Brawn "Hi," sausage "Vorst," oil "li, 'starch' trklis, pruukost "Breakfast", "mug" Kruus, "Pan" Pann, a barrel "PTT," basket "Korver," bota "lhker," bathtub "Toobe" basin "Tiik," light "lamp, chandelier 'lhter," scissors "Krid, teljed" business "," wheel "Vokker," web "luend," velvet " Samet, "silk" DISI, vilt "felt", "coat" KUUB 'skirt' krt, "veil" Loor, "ceiling" MTS, "mud" muda, 'Coat' coat, pants, trousers "pksid, 'coat' vammus," button "np," court "Hoover," mansion "hrber" cellar "Kelder, kemmerg" Toilet "," chimney "Korsten," room "ruum, 'hall' Saal, great" stables "," hammer " Ha'am, "hinge" hing, "rugged" hvel "trowel" kellu "closet" Kapp, 'bench' pink 'stool' tool "Stairs" Trepp, vall 'wall peak "," arch "VLV;" hunt "JAHT, hunter, hunting mnager, gamekeeper" jger, "Bastion" of Kant, KTT 'hunter', 'camp' laager, lahing "battle", "border" piir, pss weapon, rifle, "" bayonet "Tk" monitor "Vahti," altar "altar," angel "Ingels, jnger" disciple "Psalm 'psalm', 'Prophet' prohvet, "the verse" Salm, "priest" Preester, "console" Troost, pihtima to "confess", vrmnder "churchwarden, beadle" "Bishop" piiskop, Sant 'beggar, crippled; Preili' Miss, young lady, "" old woman "Memmi," boor, hick "mats" gentleman "hrra," lady "bow, Kelm" dodger, rogue, cheat, "narr" Joker, you idiot, "" neighbor "Naab, 'Mail' Kuller, Laat 'fair market', 'society, club selt, "count" krahv, German nobleman "Saks," doctor "ARST, plaaster 'tape, plaster, hangeldama "secretly" krima scour, tingima to negotiate "," quartern "Kortel, mat a able ',' thumb 'toll vaagima "weigh", "weight" vihta, "rent" r, "pair" paar "peak, launches" piik, "Ten" Tosin "neighborhood" veerand: "new year" NRID, Reede 'Friday', 'hours' Tund, vastlad "Mardi Gras" 'Anchor' Ankur 'keel' Kiil, tr 'guide "," landau praam Ferry, "seaman" Madrus, "Boatswain" pootsman, kotermann "ship gremlin", "driver" plunder, "skipper" Kipper; 'map, the map "kaart," art "Kunst," painter "Maal, Maalim" painting "" paper "Paber, trkkima" print "uurima" to research, study, investigation ',' Drum 'Trumm, tantsima' dance ',' pipe 'Piip, "whistle" vilepill, horn, trumpet "pasun; simply" fair, ie topelt "double" vrt "useful"
Swedish loan
140
13th17th century
"Demon driving "Kratt, army, government kroonu" schooner "kuunar, pagar" Baker "," mermaid nix "NKK" bottle " plasku, "daughter" Plik "pocket" tasku, "herring" rim, "barrel" tnder, "old woman" moor puldan, mowing ghost, demon
Russian loans
350
14th20th century
Kaps, Tatar, puravik, riisikas, sihvka, kiisu, gopher, Kulu, prussakas, Tarakan, naarits, soobel, USS, Noos, moive VOBL, mutt; kamorka, putka, sara, lobudik, trahter, koiku, nari, Pruss, tkat; HLST, kamass, Kirsa, kombinesoon, Kott, puhvaika, marli, pintsak, retuusid, trussikud; kiisel, Pontikes, rosolje, rupskid, Bor, uhhaa, Morss, samagon; batoon, Kissell, plombiir, povidlo, alkk, uhhaa; Plotsk, mahorka, pabeross; mannerg, kopsik; nuut, kantsik, piits, Prikli, relss, Jaam, Kabi, Knopke; Kasaka, kasarmu, karauul, katelok, KIIVER, Munder, nekrut, pagun, Polk, Ranita, SINEL, tentsik, utsitama, timukas, rajoon, TRM, pops, Artell, palak, haltuura, parseldama, parisnik, Siva, Tolk, tots, pujn, Kitt, Tuur, Ladner, prostatectomy, sutike; kaanima, kostitama, kruttima, kupeldama
(High) loans in German
500
16th20th century
larhv, LOKK, Seitel, Kastan, Pappel, kirss, jasmiin, jorjen, Kartuli, Tulp, vihk, AVS, Auster, kalkun, siisike, miisu, mops, taks, kits, Vau, viidikas, NEPP, pistrik; Klimp, Klops, kotlet, kompvek, supp, tort, viiner, Soust, vahvel, VRTS, the vein Jope, Kittel, kampsun, Kleit, vest, lips, vrvel, Sall, pluus; Kamin, pliit, kr (Kamber) sahver latter, Kabel, Palat, Pult, sohva, Leen, kummut, Kardiner, sahtel; uur, Klade, klamber lantern sihverplaat, silt; opman, oober, Tisler, tudeng, velsker, Virtins, antvrk, aadlik, krner, offset, kutsar, RSM, oksjon, Krempel, Klat, krehvtine, hull, liiderlik, admin, noobel, ontlik, plass, Tumma, Tramm; kleepima, klantsima, mehkeldama, sehkendama, rehkendama, trimpama, pummeldama, praalima, turnima; ahoi, Proos, hurraa, Hopp, hallo
Finnish loan
90
19th20th century
Aar, Sangar, harass, Jenks, Julma, jik, SNGE, Tejas, uljas, vaist, vihjama, Silim, kuvama, haihtuma, anastama
Loans in Hebrew
<5
Jaana (Lind) 'ostrich' tohuvabohu "chaos"
Loans Roma
<5
Mangum 'begging'
References
^ Lun, Helgi 1968. Alamsaksa laensnadest 16. ja 17. Eesti sajandi kirjakeeles. Emakeele Seltsi aastaraamat 13, 1967. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 4770 (Estonia)
^ History of the vocabulary Estonian (Estonia)
Abc ^ See p. 149 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli in Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in the History of the language and change the language, of the series: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
^ See p. 150 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003 Languages in contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies history of the language and change the language of the series: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
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