Army Sake
Basic tactics. ] Reprint [
Handout: http://chairmanmaozedong.org/article/273.html
(1937)
CHAPTER I
REMARKS
1. HOW masses CARRY military action.
How is it that the masses with his bare hands, banded together in military units without bad guns or bullets, are able to charge the enemy, kill the enemy, and decisively effective action in the war? This is a very common complaint and very reasonable. But if we know the function of arms used by the army and the objective of the action of an army, then we can understand how our masses, although in bare hands, still have weapons and engage in an action to subject the enemy.
The primary function of arms of an army is simply to kill the enemy, and an army of Final It is simply to reduce or destroy the strength of the enemy battle. Well, in our daily lives Is there something that can not be used to kill the enemy or any other type of action that can not reduce or destroy its fighting force? For example, a kitchen knife, a wooden club, an ax, a hoe, a wooden stool or a stone can all be used to kill people. actions such as cutting lines electrical, destroying bridges, starting rumors, spreading poison, or the interruption of deliveries can everywhere disadvantages of the enemy or reduce its fighting force. All these methods are, we can be reluctant to use or unable to use. If we really want to kill and exterminate the enemy, there are weapons everywhere and for us to work for us to do at all times to ensure a united action by the army and the people.
2. ITEMS special attention.
After that, we must pay special attention to the current war on national level, has become cruel beyond imagination, and also lasted longer. We must not, because we are the object of suffering a war more cruel than any seen before, immediately capitulate, we must not, under the influence of a long war, suddenly lose our endurance and give way to weariness. We have to learn from the most resolute spirit of unyielding struggle with the patriotic feelings of the burning, and with the will of endurance, and a long struggle against the enemy. Note that, although the circumstances and duration of the war are cruel and long, this is nothing compared to what would happen if the war was lost, if our country were destroyed and all of our people reduced a hopeless situation from ruin, suffering would be even more cruel, and would never come to an end. Therefore, if cruel war can be, must be fully and firmly to last until the last five minutes of struggle. This is particularly the case with our enemies today, which finds its advantage in a war of quick decision, so that our advantage lies in the strategy of protracted war.
3. We must not FEAR THE ENEMY.
When you see the enemy, simply because he has a weapon in his hands, we should not be afraid of death as a rat who sees a cat. We must not be afraid to approach or seep into the community to carry out acts of sabotage. We are men, our enemies are as men, we're all men, then what should we fear? The fact that he has weapons? We can find a way to seize his weapons. Whatever we fear is being killed by the enemy. But when we submitted to the oppression of the enemy to such an extent that, how can we still afraid of death? And if we do not fear death, then what is there to fear from the enemy? So when we see the enemy, it much or little, we must act as if the bread that can satisfy our hunger, and immediately make him swallow.
4. DEFINITION guerrilla
When he is not advantageous for our Army to meet the main enemy in large-scale fighting and we have therefore, 'send' commando units or guerrilla units, which employ tactics to avoid the force and suppression weakness, flying around and having no fixed position, and submit the enemy, according to circumstances, and when we do not oppose the enemy, by the ordinary rules of tactics, this is called the use of guerrilla tactics.
CHAPTER II
TACTICAL
At a time when our country preparing the national defense have not been completed, and when our weapons are inferior to the excellent equipment with which the enemy himself has provided, we must respect the following principles if we want to lead a fight with the enemy:
1. PRECAUTIONS running.
When we're on the month of March, we need to send units in civilian clothes armed with pistols ahead of our advance guard, behind our rear, and side of our fenders, to watch the situation and prevent the sudden attack of the enemy, or unnecessary confrontations.
2. PRECAUTIONS during halts.
When we camp, if there is a presumption that the enemy may be close, we must send a daily guerrilla enterprise or at least a platoon to the enemy defenses to reconnoitre distance (20-30 li) or to join with local forces and make propaganda among the masses, encouraging them to resist the enemy. If the device discovers the enemy, he should on the one hand, and to resist, on the other hand, let us know so we can prepare to meet the enemy or retired without having been in a fight unnecessary.
3. Do not attack the positions STRONG.
If the enemy guards his position or firmly defends a strong strategic point, and unless we have special guarantees of success. should not attack. If we attack, we will lose much time, and our losses in killed and wounded will probably be several times those of the enemy. In addition, the guerrillas, our Artillery is not strong: if we recklessly attack a strong position, it will be very difficult to take faster, at a stroke, and meanwhile, it will be easy for the enemy to gather its forces from all sides and surround us. On this point, the army and the people must be absolutely firm of purpose and can not act recklessly in a mess because of the anger of a moment.
4. DO NOT HARD battles.
If we do not 100 percent guarantee of victory, we should not fight a battle, because it is not worth killing the enemy 1000 and losing 800 killed us. Especially in the guerrilla like we are doing, it is difficult to replace men, horses and ammunition, and if we fight a battle and losing many men and horses, and much ammunition, it must be considered a defeat for us.
5. We should not fight if the enemy situation is unclear.
When we camped in a certain place and suddenly discover the enemy, but are not informed about his number or where he comes, it is imperative not to fight, but it should definitely retire dozens li. Only if we are right against the enemy that we must send covering units, because if the enemy comes to attack us, it probably because its forces are superior or that he has a plan, and we must in no case fall into his trap. If the enemy is in force, it is obviously advantageous to retirement. If his numbers are low and we walk away, nothing more than a little extra fatigue is involved, and it will be time to return and attack again later.
6. We must organize the masses and unite with them.
Modern warfare is not a case in which the armies alone can determine victory or defeat. Especially in a combat guerrillas, we must rely on the strength of the masses, because only then can we have a guarantee of success. The mass support we offer great advantages in transportation, aid to the wounded, intelligence, disruption of the enemy position, etc. At the same time, the enemy may be in a position isolated, which further increases our advantages. If, unfortunately, we are defeated, it will be possible to escape or find concealment. Therefore, we must not do battle lightly in places where the masses are not organized and linked to us.
7. Using weights to make a surprise attack and blockade BREAK.
When the enemy surrounds us and blockade, he must awaken the masses and cut enemy communications in all directions, so he does not know that our army is already close to him. Then we enjoy a dark night or morning light to attack and disperse.
8. ATTACKS surprise isolated units.
When we reconnoitered the enemy position and have kept our men at a distance of several li and when he has clearly relaxed his precautions progresses rapidly with light equipment, before dawn, when the enemy is not waiting for us and exterminate him.
9. USE HARRY the masses to "The Enemy.
On the basis of a decision of the main strength of the army in time of war, we send part of our forces, divided into several units, the smallest element being a platoon to lead the local militia, police, army of volunteers, or other masses of peasants and workers. These groups use a variety of colors, heights or occupy villages and towns, Use copper gongs, spears, guns rudimentary, swords and spikes, horns, etc. They scatter across the landscape and scream, which distracted the enemy's eyes and ears. Or, both night and day, on all sides, they shoot out single shots to create panic among the enemy soldiers and fatigue of their minds. Then, after our army is in full force when the enemy does not expect it and dispersed by a flank attack.
10. Turn around GETTING away from the enemy.
When we are facing a larger enemy force and not enough force to respond to his attacks, we use the circles around. We hasten to a place where there are no enemy troops, and we use mountain trails so that the enemy can not catch us. At the same time along the way, we use the masses and lead them to conduct reconnaissance work on the front and rear, so we are not attacked by the enemy in both directions.
11. Exit DIFFICULT situations.
Assume that in the back there is an army in pursuit and in front an obstacle, or continues the army is too strong for us. As a plan for getting out of a difficult situation, we can send some of our forces off 4 or 5 li, to draw the enemy from a main road, while our main force follows a side street and escaped to the enemy. Or we can make a detour at the rear of the enemy and attack it by surprise. Or we can use the local militia and police to accompany another route, leaving few objects, make footprints in the road, sticking up notices, etc., so as to bring the enemy to follow. Then, our main strength suddenly rushed from a side street, striking the enemy from the front and the rear surrounds him on all sides, and annihilates it.
12. "Cause an uproar in the TSE, Strike in the West."
When the army wants to attack a place, it does not directly, but he made a detour to advance another location, then changes its course in the middle of the month of March in order to attack and disperse the enemy. "The thunder does not leave time to cover the ears."
13. ATTACKS hidden ambush.
When the enemy We went on hurriedly, we select a place for ambush and wait until it arrives. Thus, we can capture all the enemy suddenly.
14. THE enemy ambush during his walk.
When we learn to recognize the enemy to plans forward a certain point, we chose a place where his path is narrow and passes through mountainous terrain to confusion and send part of Our Troops or a group of snipers hiding in the mountains along the road or in the forest, waiting for his main strength is passing through. Then we throw stones down on his men to the mountains and the rake of bullets, or shoot an ambush their officers on horseback.
15. MAKING a defense by emptying the countryside.
When our spies informed us that the enemy is about to happen and if our strength is not sufficient to give battle, he must then perform the trick of "make a strong defense by emptying the countryside. "We hide food, supplies, fuel, grain, pots and other utensils, etc., to cut the food supply of the enemy. Moreover, as regards the masses of the region in question, except for old men, women and children, who are providing information recognition, we lead all able-bodied men hiding places. Thus, the enemy has no one to serve as porters, guides and scouts. At the same time, we send a small number of men to the enemy lines of communication back to let our guard down, catching his couriers, and reduce or age Sabot's communications facilities.
16. MEETING a superior enemy.
(1) When the enemy advance, we retreat. If the enemy forces were smaller than ours, he would not dare to advance and attack us. So when he comes to us, we can conclude that the enemy is definitely coming with a superior force and acts according to plan and prepare. It is therefore appropriate for us to escape from his vanguard, removing previously. If we meet with the enemy during our March and either do not have information clear to him or that his army is stronger than ours, we should, without hesitation, make a reassignment.
As to where we should withdraw, he should not travel long distances from main roads, so that the enemy would follow up end. We must move Meandering around, winding around in circles. If the enemy is before us, we should circle around his rear, if the enemy is on the mountains, he must descend into the valleys, if the enemy is in the middle, we should retreat on both sides, if the enemy on the left bank of the river, we should remove on the right bank, if the enemy is on the right bank, we should remove on the left bank.
In addition, by withdrawing, when we come to a crossroads, we can deliberately leave items in the branch of the road we do not take or send a small fraction of our horses men in this way to leave some songs or write symbols. Or we can write some markings on the road we take to indicate that is closed. Thus, we bring the enemy to its direct pursuit and attack in the wrong direction.
In these moments, it is preferable evacuate the masses and the militia forces armed, police, army of volunteers, etc., by different routes all directions in order to confuse the enemy's eyes and ears. We can not let some of our men who buried their uniforms and weapons and disguise themselves as merchants, street vendors, etc. They spread rumors or pretend to be forced to spy on information concerning the number of the enemy, his plans, location and the routine of his camps, and the precautions he takes. If the enemy questions about the direction in which we removed and the strength of our strength, they should talk incoherently, pointing to the east and west say, pointing to the south to the north and say, replacing large by small by large and small, speaks at random and creating rumors. They wait until our army is about to attack, and then they dig their uniforms and put them, take their weapons, and attack the enemy in the middle, which completely routing and leaving him with nowhere to go.
(2) When the enemy retreats, we pursue. When the enemy retreats, it is wise to take advantage of the situation in advance. On this occasion, the situation enemy military must have undergone a change, otherwise he would not decline, and it is certainly not ready to do battle against us with any what resolution. If we take advantage of the situation and make an attack on his rear cover, covering the enemy units will certainly not be resolved fight, and in the context of the enemy more comprehensive plan, it will be difficult for his units before returning and joining the fray. In mountainous terrain Gross, where roads are narrow and rivers and streams so intertwined that there are many bridges, even if the enemy forces before were to turn back, this movement, it would take a long time. Thus, by the time he turns his back, his rear will have already been destroyed and it has already been disarmed.
At that time, the organizations of the masses, should develop methods to destroy bridges on the route that the enemy withdrew, or cut the son of his communications system. Or, better yet, they must wait until the main enemy army withdrew and took advantage of the protection offered by our guards and army, blocking the path of the enemy to retreat, so that, although his forces can go back, they can not do, and though they aspire to help, they can not get it.
But in same time, the most important task of the masses is to spy on the direction in which the enemy withdrew, to determine whether or not it can be an ambush or a feigned retreat designed to surround us on both sides, and let us know immediately so that our army can not watch courage and pursue the enemy or to develop a method of escape.
(3) When the enemy halts, we harass. When the enemy is recently arrived in our territory, is not familiar with the terrain, does not understand the local dialect, and is unable to obtain all the information the Scouts, it sends it as if it had entered into a far country and unreachable. In that time, we should increase our harassment firing shots rifle everywhere, to make him uncomfortable day and night, to exert great influence on both body and mind in such circumstances, I fear that the whole army, but authoritarian, will crumble and tired. We just need to wait until her spirits are undecided, and his tired body, and then, if our armies in the race all together, we can certainly exterminate completely.
17. Dealing with an enemy weak.
Fighting against that we are for the existence of our nation and the goals of the guerrillas, who are to destroy the enemy and raise the courage of the masses, when we face an enemy low, naturally we must unite with the masses of the place in question to surround and destroy a single blow.
18. Lift weights.
There are always lots among the masses who forget the great cause for the good of the small advantage. Frequently having received great favors from the enemy, they act contrary to awareness and assistance to forces of evil. For this reason, before the arrival of the enemy in a given place, we must do everything we can to stoke minds of the masses, to awaken their will to resist and provide them with an unwavering will to fight it out. without trying to enjoy, without compromise or surrender. We must encourage them to follow our orders and sincerely cooperate with our army to resist the enemy. At the same time, we should also organize "associations to resist the enemy-," "national salvation associations" and other professional bodies to facilitate the transmission of orders and the evacuation of villages in times of need and to clean the traitors and prevent their use by the enemy.
CHAPTER III
The objective of the war
The ultimate the guerrillas certainly disarm the enemy, destroy its fighting force, to recover the territories it has occupied and save our brothers, he is trampling! But where because of objective circumstances and other factors of all sorts, it is impossible to achieve this goal, sometimes areas not affected by the fighting are controlled by the enemy in peace. This should not be. Because of this possibility, we must devise methods to impose economic and political damage in these areas and destroy communications facilities, so that, although the enemy has occupied our territory, it is of no use to him and he decided to withdraw its own initiative.
In guerrilla must respect the principle "to gain ground is not cause for joy, and lose territory is not the cause of pain." To lose territories or cities did not matter. The important thing is to think up ways to destroy the enemy. If the effective force of the enemy is always the same even if we take the cities, it will be impossible to keep. Conversely, when our own forces are insufficient, if we abandon the cities, we still hope to find them. It is quite unfit to defend the city in the extreme, for this simply leads to sacrifice our own workforce.
CHAPTER IV
ORGANIZATION
1. ORGANIZATIONAL POSSIBILITIES.
(1) When we devote to the war in an open region, it is sparsely populated, with a low cultural level, where communications are difficult and transmission facilities correspondence is insufficient, that are beneficial.
(2) Narrow mountain, rising and falling terrain, or areas near roads narrow, all of which are drawbacks for the movement of large bodies of troops, are also advantageous.
Opportunities also exist:
(3) When the people at the rear of the enemy are in sympathy with our army.
(4) When the enemy is well armed, and many brave troops, so we have to avoid direct clashes.
(5) When the enemy has penetrated deep our territory and we are preparing to take over harassment and obstruction against him.
(6) The dense forests or swamps reeds in the bottom of which may disappear, are most advantageous for this purpose, especially in late summer and autumn, when we are behind a curtain of greenery.
2. Forms of organization.
The action of a guerrilla unit which is a following forms:
(1) We send a cavalry unit of our great strength, with horse artillery, or cavalry accompanied by a platoon or more armed with automatic arms. They enter as quickly as possible in the rear of the enemy to destroy all its communications connections, and achieve full and thorough destruction of all its food stores, grain for his horses, and ammunition. In addition, they send a small group of their forces to destroy all the places of military importance to the rear of the enemy. Once these incursions were conducted, the group fights its way into a different direction and joined the force.
(2) We send the cavalry or a special task force of infantry. Their strength should be a bunch a few companies. They must penetrate as deeply as possible into the rear of the enemy and, moving quickly and unpredictably, should lead the battle from one place to another. When there is no alternative, or when the enemy should not arrive before a certain time, they can also live temporarily in secret where they are. As required by the exigencies of the situation, they may use all or part of their forces. They return when the time comes they can no longer remain in the enemy rear, or when the task entrusted to them is completed, or because the enemy has discovered our footsteps and our intentions, and has taken measures of defense.
(3) Behind the enemy, we choose elements young, strong and courageous among the local population and to organize small groups that accept management experience and training that we send people or experienced people that we had previously trained in the area in question. The secret activity of these small groups is to move from their own region to another, changing their uniform numbers unity, and outward appearance, and using every means to cover their tracks in the extreme.
(4) Or we look volunteers of our military and provide them with high-quality small arms to train them in special guerrilla units under the direction of these officers who have benefited from the experience and study.
(5) guerrilla units can be classified according to their nature. Those selected are trained volunteers called special guerrilla units. Those are usually organized part our guerrilla army base units are called. Those organized by the local people are called local guerrilla units. When units guerrilla base and engage in local combined actions, they are subject to the unified command of the commander of the base unit.
(6) As regards the choice of members of a guerrilla unit, the members of a guerrilla unit base should be taken among the soldiers are healthy, society objective, patient, courageous and quick-witted. In addition, the soldiers themselves willing to join the group question. In the case of independent actions taken by these men as part of guerrilla operations, there is usually no way to verify if their duties are performed as ordered, and often they act beyond the knowledge of responsible command. For this reason, the choice units and training of members of the guerrilla must have the theme "faithfully perform his task."
(7) The selection and appointment the captain of a workgroup or a small group of guerrillas still requires more foresight and reflection. The ability of commanders of the faithful and actions courageous, their military knowledge in particular their knowledge of guerrilla tactics, their possession of a keen intelligence and ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances, their loyalty and courage are essential prerequisites for the realization of plans and complete our tasks.
3. The number of troops
The number of men belonging to a guerrilla unit is determined by the tasks, but it varies usually five or ten men at a little over a thousand. However, the maximum force of such a unit may not exceed one regiment. If the number soldiers is too large, the movement of our forces will be encumbered, there will be more difficulties as regards the food supply, and it will be difficult to hide the troops by using fake uniforms. Because of these problems, our plans may be revealed or discovered before they have been made. In addition, to renew our stock of ammunition will be a problem. In addition, we often have difficulties because of poor roads, so that not only all our plans prove illusory, but we often fall into trouble without a purpose in going and returning.
The superiority a small guerrilla unit lies in its remarkable mobility. With spending very little time and effort, you can get food, and it is also easy to find a place to rest, because we do not need much in the way of life, or a place of refuge in the camp. Still less is he who has held up by bad roads and supplies of ammunition and drugs are also easy to rebuild. If we fail in our operation, we can retreat in good order.
4. TYPES OF SOLDIERS.
Regarding the type of soldiers in the guerrilla units used, cavalry, engineers, and highly mobile infantry troops are excellent. Cavalry is assigned the task of creating a mess on the flanks the enemy, and also, when we pursue the enemy, with that of maintaining the pressure on his rear and create confusion on its flanks and rear. In addition, at any time, the cavalry is the guerrilla unit that instrument for the transmission of correspondence and recognition. Therefore, the cavalry is essential to any guerrilla unit. Engineers are used for the destruction of enemy communications behind (eg as railroads, telephone and telegraph lines, bridges, etc.) In regard to highly mobile infantry units, they are useful to detect the enemy and to produce in him a feeling of insecurity and night day.
5. WEAPONS.
In addition to the rifles of the infantry and the cavalry, light machine guns, hand grenades, etc., guerrilla units should also be provided with pistols and submachine guns.
Insofar as the terrain allows, you can also add heavy machine guns, mortars and small guns.
6. MEN AND LUGGAGE
Convenience of movement and agility are the characteristics of a guerrilla unit, luggage, cases equipment and ammunition, etc., should all be as simple as possible for reasons of convenience. Members of combatant and noncombatant unit should all be held as the most suitable for guerrilla war, and all other persons who are not required to be reduced to minimum.
(1) The officers and men in each group of guerrilla must not exceed 8, each platoon should not exceed 26, and each company should not exceed 100.
(2) When the automatic weapons are a little more, the number of men can be further reduced, guerrilla units and composed of five or six men can be sent several times to achieve the best results in terms of harassing the enemy or protect intelligence.
(3) Every commander of a unit should have a single order at most. Besides this function of the complexity of tasks, two or three officers should share the services of a caregiver. Even greater attention should be paid to not abuse this rule increase unnecessarily the number of letters as a substitute for nursing and to see that many unnecessarily large number of men are not sent to accomplish a task data, thus reducing the combat force of his own unit. So when we send mail, you must carefully consider whether they can perform their task or not.
(4) It is preferable that each unit of mass shall not carry parcels of food. When dry rations made separately by each soldier are exhausted, we must take advantage of opportunities to borrow pots of the population to prepare additional rations. If it is necessary to carry packages, each unit must not carry more than two.
(5) Bundles of writing materials not be carried in excess of needs. Normally, two beams by regiment, battalion, and one per business are eligible. The weight of each beam should not exceed 40 kg.
(6) Every officer and soldier must carry his own bedding, backpack, etc. holders should not be committed to transport these items. This rule should be firmly fixed in advance.
7. The objects to be transported.
A guerrilla unit should preferably have the following things:
(1) Equipment and explosives to destroy the railways, telephone lines and telegraph, the arsenals, etc.
(2) drugs. Those are necessary in an emergency should be made by season, but the dressings, etc., should be provided on a permanent basis.
(3) A compass and maps of the region in which the unit operates guerrilla.
(4) Radio Equipment Light, which is particularly important to be able to report at any time on the situation of the enemy and hear reports of the enemy.
(5) A certain quantity of gold coins to meet the unexpected needs and buy food.
8. DISCIPLINE.
Whether or not the military discipline of a unit of guerrilla a good influence on the reputation of our army and its ability to elicit sympathy and support of the masses. Only strict discipline can ensure victory complete all our independent actions. Therefore, our attitude toward those who violate military discipline, undermine the interests of the people, and are not resolutely carry out orders of their superiors, should be to punish them severely, without the slightest regard for politeness. Application military discipline in a partisan unit does not refer solely to the sentence. Instead, it aims to strengthen political education of officers and men and raise their level of political awareness, and indirectly the elimination of a large number of shares contrary to the discipline Military and cause the officers and soldiers to understand the psychology of the masses, so that in due course they may come together effectively with common people.
9. The political organization.
(1) Each working group of the guerrillas and small group must have a political director, and the seat of the guerrilla unit should be a political training department, to lead the political work of officers and soldiers and treat problems people of all political instructors.
(2) Each unit of a mess guerrilla unit should establish a special commissioner to to guard against infiltration and activity of reactionary elements and encourage these soldiers without conscience clear ideological who are undecided about their goals.
(3) To avoid desertion by soldiers, a committee against desertion, and that " groups of ten, "should be organized in each guerrilla unit. Groups of ten and the Committee against the desertion of methods for negative prevent desertion. Their organization and the work should be done approximately as follows:
a. To avoid desertion each unit should establish a committee guerrilla desertions and each unit should organize a group messes of ten.
b. The Committee against desertion should be composed of seven to nine people, one of whom is the chairman and other members. It should be composed of lower-level executives can withstand the difficulties and whose thinking is convent, and the heads of groups of ten. The ten groups are composed of ten men in all, one of them being the leader and other members. They are composed of loyal and reliable soldiers.
C. The over-all activity of groups of ten is subject Committee against desertion. Regarding military matters, it is subordinate to the commander of the unit and the Committee against desertion. In other work, it is subordinate to the Department for Political Education. The two groups of ten committees and cons desertion must accept guidance their commander.
d. The work of the group of ten would consider all the actions and talk of officers and soldiers, especially of onlookers "camp" and others. unstable elements must be secretly observed, even if they are members of the group of ten or friends.
e. Meetings should take place once a week to review the work and report to the commanding officer and the Committee against desertion as regards the situation in general, at any time. After each extreme difficulty or when our army was defeated light and stay in his base camp, special attention should be given to the negative attitudes that may develop among soldiers and conversations that may threaten the morale of soldiers.
f. The work of the Committee against desertion consists mainly in consideration of the work of groups of ten and alerting and guiding them in time. The committee may Also convene conferences of heads of all groups of ten years, or plenary sessions of all group members to discuss progress work as a whole.
the lives of soldiers is like living in the desert, and every day, men undergo the fatigue of Political Studies and training in the art of combat. This can easily lead to feelings of disgust and opposition. To provide entertainment for the army and to compensate for a dull life, it should be determined in a guerrilla unit of clubs or amusement halls. (For more details of the organization and activities of these clubs, see the account in Chap. XV, 10.)
10. Special forms of military organization.
(1) To address the shortage of supplies of ammunition and shooting poor, every company should have: three to nine snipers, to be used exclusively for the firing of an ambush at long distances or for firing on specific targets (the enemy officers, gunners and artillerymen, letters, etc..)
(2) The commander of each working group and small group should select letters particularly sensitive eyes to serve as an observer. Normally a task force commander must have two of them, and a small group commander. These men serve only to remedy the lack of observation battlefield.
(3) Each working group and a small guerrilla unit should have two nurses, who devote emergency care of sick officers and soldiers and hygiene education.
(4) In order to obtain information reliable available to the enemy in order to be able to oppose him without losing all the possibilities, all units guerrilla should establish groups of Scouts. Normally it is sufficient that each unit has a section, each working group has a squad, and each small group a small element. A network of local scouts should also be established by the group of scouts everywhere they go, or concealed by scouts advance.
CHAPTER V
TASKS
The main purpose of the action of a guerrilla unit is to face the enemy as hard as possible blows his morale, and create disorder and unrest in his back, removing its main the flank or back, stop or slow in its operations and, finally, to dispel his fighting force so that the units the enemy are crushed one by one and he is thrown into a situation where, even by rapid change and deceptive actions, he can not forward or backward.
1. Destroy the railways and roads in the area involved, and important structures along the roads. Phone The telegraph lines and systems are particularly important.
2. Destroy the enemy or the main supply depots secondary.
3. Destroy the enemy tanks with food and Military Equipment.
4. Strike in the rear of the enemy, to his train of baggage, or the mounted and unmounted haul, and his mounted scouts, etc. also enter the food and ammunition that the enemy is in place from back to front.
5. Strike at the enemy groups and independent work populated areas it has not been firmly occupied.
6. Mobilize and organize the masses everywhere and help them in their own self-defense.
7. Destroy airfields and military depots of the army air at the rear of the enemy.
CHAPTER VI
OPERATIONS
1. ACTION.
1. The first principle lies in careful preparation and the secret, and swift and brutal attack. wind violence and provide heavy rain for an opportunity for a guerrilla attack, like a thick fog, the darkness of the night, or the circumstances in which it is possible to hit an enemy exhausted.
2. The operations of a guerrilla unit should consist of an offensive war. That this is his number is small or large, such a unit may still appear where it is not expected and, in his attacks, enjoy the lack the enemy of the preparation. But when there are indications that the situation is unfavorable, or when there is no certainty of victory, it should be removed quickly, so as not to incur losses harmful. If the originally planned attack by the guerrillas do not give a favorable result, and the enemy toward the offensive, a guerrilla unit must withdraw quickly. Only when the enemy pursues us, and it is impossible to escape his attacks, can we fight a defensive action and then gradually withdraw.
2. The use of tactics.
1. The formidable strength of a guerrilla unit certainly does not depend exclusively on its numerical strength, but on the use of attacks sudden and ambushes, in order to "provoke an outcry in the east and strike in the West," appear now here and now there, using false banners and demonstrations by vacuum, rumors about propagating its own forces, etc., to break the morale of the enemy and create in him a boundless terror. In addition, we must pay attention to such principles as "the enemy advances, we retreat, the enemy retreats, we advance, the enemy halts, we harass, "the camouflaged attacks, etc.
2. A very good trick to induce the enemy to destruction lies in mobilizing the masses, to make a good defense by emptying the countryside, in luring the enemy penetrate deeply into our lines, cutting communications, placing it in a position where he would have difficulties with food supply, where his men are tired and the terrain is unfavorable, then launch an attack.
3. Through tactics such as sudden attacks, ambushes, make good defense by emptying the countryside, etc., a guerrilla unit must make all efforts to avoid war position, and all commitments front. Before units local guerrilla received regular military training. they should not be launched against the enemy in battle Regular and prolonged. For this reason, when local guerrilla units are first formed, they should be used only in combination with actions by guerrilla units or special basis. Only after a certain period they can act independently.
4. If we reach the point where the enemy feels the greatest difficulties, to draw his main strength to rescue the position, then after we send our main force elsewhere, or to attack other isolated forces and weaknesses of the enemy or to attack his reinforcements on the month of March.
3. Advantageous and disadvantageous FIELD.
1. Because open terrain offers few good coverage, it is somewhat disadvantageous for us when guerrilla units operating there. Cloudy, mountainous or rough terrain are great for us.
2. A guerrilla unit must be thoroughly familiar with the terrain in its area of action and should often think about how it may appear that from a where the enemy does not expect it, along secret routes and hidden, like the valleys, forests, or narrow aisles sinuous way to approach close to the enemy army and enjoy a situation in which the enemy, persuaded that it is too sure, took no action defense whatsoever. Then, following the principle that the thunder "leaves no time to cover the ears" the unit can be heavy shocks, then disappear into hiding without trace, thus reducing the enemy to a level where it does feel unsure of whether to withdraw or advance, to attack or defend, moving or still others, seated or lying down.
3. Relatively large villages, towns and places where there is a considerable quantity of grain and other property are often under attack enemy and harassment. A guerrilla unit should regularly spy on the trail of the enemy, and prepare an ambush while on the attack when it is in the midst of her month of March.
4. A guerrilla unit must use every means within its field of action, to avoid small units of the enemy from entering. and its main strength to hide there. If necessary, a guerrilla unit should also try to unmask the military, alienation, and plans of the enemy outside its operating area of action.
4. Seasons.
A guerrilla unit must take into account the seasons (winter, summer, fall or are suitable for operations), in reference to the strength of our forces and those of the enemy, especially in reference to weapons of war, we must also thoroughly familiar with the organization the enemy's rear. Whether or not each season is for us is also determined by the field.
5. SECRET OF ACTION
The unique quality of operations of a guerrilla unit is located entirely within the grasp of the enemy by surprise. Therefore, we must take all possible measures to protect military secrets, as described in detail below:
1. The unit commander should explain to his subordinates of their duties and terms of the transaction just before the action begins, or when they move. If of necessity, he must explain the whole plan in stages, so that others learn more about each step only if necessary.
2. The best method for the transmission of orders in a guerrilla unit is to provide oral explanations of the commander to his subordinates. It is necessary written orders to limit as much as possible to avoid leakage of military secrets.
3. One should not discuss all of its actions and plans of the guides or the local population. This is true even in respect of local people support us, it is even more necessary prohibit such talk when we are about to attack a certain location.
4. We should send scouts loyal and reliable advance to see where we go to camp or are in ambush along major roads to the rear of the enemy, so to cut off information.
5. When we advance our rear guard must take full responsibility for the deletion and remove all signals and road signs secret. We should also advance by the back door, so that the enemy does not know the meaning of our lead.
6. Correction of code names should be used in place of all unit designations, and use real names units should be strictly prohibited.
7. Except in cases of necessity, all documents should be burned immediately after they have been read.
8. Besides the methods already mentioned, plans a real guerrilla unit can also be masked in some cases, using the local population for the deliberate spreading of false information on the operations of the unit the guerrillas in order to deceive the enemy.
6. Arrangements and preparations for the movement.
So that our movements can be fast, apart from doing our best to streamline our entire organization, we must maintain at all times excellent preparation for action (investigation and intelligence regarding the front, the care of sick soldiers, preparation guides, preferably in the local farmers whose sympathies with the guerrillas, or other persons of confidence), and we should also preferably be conducted three days of rations dry. If this is done, then when we want to move, we move, and when we want to stop, we stop, and there is no need for special arrangements.
7. CONDITIONS OF VICTORY.
1. Provided that the victory of a guerrilla unit is that officers and soldiers have a mind quite courageous and resolute. They must also be filled with a spirit of common action, and be alert and well decided to carry out their own tasks. Otherwise, they must have a healthy body and be able to withstand endless difficulties, be good to use their weapons, etc.
2. Unit guerrilla must not lose heart in difficult times, it should not cease its activity if it meets conditions. Regarding their confidence in the victory, their confidence in the success of their cause, and especially their hatred of our national enemy, such circumstances must strengthen their goal of advancing with courage, despite all obstacles.
8. UNITED ACTION.
If a small guerrilla unit, because his number is insufficient, can not perform its task, it can temporarily reunite with a few other guerrilla units to perform its task.
guerrilla operations are best carried out under cover of night.
CHAPTER VII
Swoops
1. Points that should be reviewed carefully about our tasks before a surprise attack.
When a guerrilla unit has finished concentrating for a attack, and when plans for the scouts, etc. courier, have been properly completed, and the other is preparing a surprise attack on some inhabited place, the commander of the guerrilla unit must first form a clear idea of each of the following.
1. What is the strength of the military defense lived given place? How were they made? How are they armed? What is their ability to fight? How Many scouts have a warning sent?
2. Is there any other enemy nearby? If yes, how far is it? Then he quickly assist defense forces? Can you imagine how it would come to help? From what direction he come?
3. What kind of roads are just could be followed by the guerrillas and by the enemy? What routes are there hidden in the vicinity of the place we intend to attack surprise? Which route leads to get to where we are fighting? The previous three items are not things that we should Learn to make a surprise attack, we must also not fail to consider them in reference to our withdrawal after the attack.
4. Regarding the timings of a sneak attack, it is preferable to make the night because, under cover of darkness, even if the attack fails, it can still inspire panic among the enemy. But we can attack during the night if we are thoroughly familiar with the terrain, and understood the provisions of the enemy or guides very well. Otherwise, we choose instead to carry out surprise attacks on such dawn. If the equipment must be a surprise attack against a supply depot, it must be done in the middle of the night, for men, horses and soldiers in such a filing will be on the move again very early, at daybreak.
5. Then population of the aid given inhabited place the enemy or not? How can we prevent people from bringing trouble on himself this way?
Even if we think about our plans at the end, we must avoid too subtle plans.
2. Points of attention before leaving.
1. Before leaving, a guerrilla unit should complete all its preparations for the month of March (see below). In addition, it should consider to make stretchers for transporting injured soldiers.
2. The method used for a surprise attack on the enemy must be understood in advance, not only by the unit commander and the commanders of each working group, but also by all members of each independent task. The best way to convey this information through oral explanations by the commander and his staff. The written orders of all kinds must be kept a minimum, to avoid having their contents disclosed by the loss or error.
3. Before leaving, all staff at all levels must appoint a replacement, in order, first, to express their resolve to sacrifice himself and, secondly, to avoid the risk that if they are injured or killed, the action of the guerrilla unit may not achieve its objective through them, thus influencing situation.
3. Points of attention WHILE ON THE MOVE.
1. We must make great efforts to conceal the movements of a guerrilla unit and to prevent discovery by the enemy. Therefore, while advancing, we must leave the roads and avoid large villages, and choose places off the beaten track or even places where there are no roads at all, move along narrow winding paths. But we must keep clear of the muddy roads to avoid excessive fatigue.
2. Advancing, we should not continue for long periods on the same road, for this, it is easy for the enemy to discover our tracks. From the perspective of keeping our secret movements, it is also generally appropriate to spend the night, even when we move a long distance.
3. When we move, for the love of ourselves hide we should keep the number of people we send to the recognition at the lowest level. In general, it is enough to send scouts along the road, but we must have very good guides.
4. If we are not absolutely sure that no enemy spies are watching us, it is best to divide our forces into small groups, advance separately in different directions and then focus on a point that has been secretly appointed.
5. When a guerrilla unit is running, it must be always ready for an encounter with the enemy. For this Therefore, the commander of a guerrilla unit generally advanced, with his staff, just behind the scouts behind the soldiers Elite or future employees of the unit (the staff is entrusted to the direction of second in command). Thus, it is easy to obtain a clear picture of the situation, and decisions can be made very quickly. If the commander sees that it is possible to advance, he argues, if becomes aware of the difficulties, he withdrew. All that is necessary for two or three officers to hold a discussion, then the decision can be taken. Thus, we avoid sending orders back and forth, thus wasting the opportunity, and decreases the order form at the back and its annoying to take measures inconsistent with the circumstances.
6. In addition to the scouts sent along the road, the soldiers of the guerrilla unit should not load their guns, to avoid spillage during the month of March and the discovery by the enemy.
4. ACTION If the enemy is encountered during the march.
1. In any case, a unit of guerrilla cause unnecessary battle before reaching its goal. Even if a guerrilla unit can meet the enemy at its March, he had to find a way to move him if necessary, starting from the original plan. If there is no avoiding the battle, we must get out of the ambush, after a fast, so as to appear where the enemy is waiting for us and not destroy it by a surprise attack. At the same time, when we conduct such a maneuver, we must pay attention to whether the enemy stops or advances, and send scouts to recognize in all directions. If the enemy is not ready for battle or if, although there is some force, it is not on the alert, we should charge immediately. Otherwise, we must stay in hiding and wait quietly an opportunity.
2. When in As part of our month of March, we meet the enemy outposts and scouts, we should avoid being seen by them and the circle in front of them in total silence. But we encounter a situation where we believe there is an opportunity to grasp, we must act quickly and capture without firing a shot.
5. Disposition of troops during a surprise attack.
When a guerrilla unit conducts a surprise attack, the disposition of his troops should be more or less as follows:
1. We should launch a ferocious attack on our main force on the decision point of the enemy, where he the worst – a sudden very fast and suddenly resolved. We should also send another force about Strong action on the flanks of the enemy and his rear, to confuse his trial, and prevent probe where our strength lies.
2. We need to attack a point in the disposal of the enemy with all our might, but we must also carry out mock deployments in other places and do a demonstration of vacuum with a few soldiers scattered so as to confuse the enemy's eyes and ears, and disperse its forces.
3. If we can determine in advance the enemy line retirement, then we should, within the limits of what is possible, send some of our forces to intercept. Ii the enemy's heavy artillery and support Logistics installed outside the village, then we should appoint a small panel to take them.
4. If the unit Guerrilla is numerically strong, it should be divided into several columns and should lead the attack on two, three or more directions, trying to cut the retreat of the enemy, but we must examine the issue thoroughly, to avoid confusion in our own ranks, which could lead to wrong of our own troops to those of the enemy. Because of this possibility, it is necessary, before the action, to agree on signals.
5. In the case of a surprise attack on the enemy if he is feared that enemy reinforcements can arrive from a certain sense, we should send a small body of troops in advance of the action of the road where reinforcements can arrive, so as to impede their progress, or to report this danger to the main force.
6. When a surprise attack, the choice of the point that the weight of the attack will fall, and the geographical distribution of our forces (in general, two thirds of our men are used for the main direction of attack, and only third to the ancillary branches of attack) absolutely must be such as to prevent enemy forces from spreading or receiving reinforcements and make it possible for us to break one by one.
7. The various working groups that are a guerrilla unit should divide their forces within a very short distance from where the attack must be made, and then make a separate but coordinated beforehand. The best place for this is the point at which the cost will be charged. In this way, we can avoid such misfortunes that lead us astray, or the premature division of our forces, and we can also. guard against the danger of surprise attacks by the enemy. For the more distant are the different columns or independent groups, the more they are likely to be separated by the field and it will be difficult to expect them all to strike simultaneously.
6. THE SUCCESS OF a surprise attack.
In general, we charge the enemy when he is not prepared, in circumstances where he is frightened and confused. If we really want to strike when the enemy is not expecting us and achieve success, the following should be assisted by:
1. We must act quickly and in secret and not allow our plans to reveal prematurely.
2. We must find a time when the system alert the enemy is not very alert.
3. We must make a blank screen, and attacking several places at once, so that the enemy reaction is confused, frightened and his forces are hindering each other, and he can not use all his strength to resist us stubbornly.
4. Under the surprise attack, we must address the appointed hour, there must be no noise, no shots should be fired, there must be no shouting. We must do all soldiers understand the use of weapons used during a surprise attack, which are the bayonet and hand grenade. We must not retaliate simply because we hear enemy fire. Only when we have the opportunity to exploit the situation to attack the enemy that we must launch our attack, our vanguard and supported by our rear guard, choosing front, coaching, or direct blows.
7. PROVISIONS After the success of a surprise attack.
1. Once the tasks have been a surprise attack conducted a guerrilla unit should quickly withdraw. Before the withdrawal, it is better to go a little li in the wrong direction, and then after turn and go in our true direction, so that the enemy can not see our titles, and will not be able to follow us.
2. It is not appropriate for a guerrilla unit to take prisoners, or to acquire large quantities of booty, which impede our movement. There is preferable to require the first prisoners to surrender their weapons and disperse them or run them. As for the loot, it must be sent by the government local, or population.
3. During the battle, three officers and men of all companies should have the exclusive task of collecting and collecting and that guns and ammunition abandoned. After winning a battle, we must devote all our efforts to collect everything on the battlefield, and we can also appeal to the population of nearby regions to collect these things together, so that not a single thing is left out.
8. PROVISIONS After the defeat of a surprise attack.
If a surprise attack is defeated, it should quickly withdraw to the place of the meeting designated in advance. The assembly point is at the usual place where we camped the night before. If our forces are sufficient, we can leave a reserve unit along the designated route of withdrawal, to look out for the prisoners and the wounded.
CHAPTER VIII
ESPIONAGE
1. Points of attention in the exercise of espionage.
1. All status reports must be transmitted without loss of time to his superiors or friendly forces.
2. The reports that we collect must be absolutely in all its details. All reports sloppy and neglect must be strictly prohibited.
3. The scope of espionage not limited only to the situation of the enemy spies should also be attentive to the ground. We must be informed of all aspects of land that are disadvantageous to us, especially those aspects favorable to the enemy, such as narrow roads, river crossings, diverted roads to avoid these river crossings and narrow roads, etc.
4. We must bend every effort to obtain full details on all matters connected with our guerrilla unit, our efforts must never stop until we understand the situation thoroughly.
5. We must pay attention to people's feelings towards ourselves and the enemy. People actively help us? How is their positive attitude?
2. Methods of espionage.
Apart from sending the brave and intelligent individuals (ie spies) to conduct espionage on each hand, a guerrilla unit should closely unite with the masses of the place in question. In addition, in areas of importance Strategically, we use reliable locals or those of people who sympathize with the guerrillas (for example, we can use feudal relations and find a parent or a person belonging to the family of the person who was executed by the enemy, we can also use those of the people who hate the enemy, etc..) We give these people a relatively good salary, to establish a secret spy network, and a sentinel system, so that we can transmit information with ease.
3. SPY ON THE The number of The enemy troops, his tactical ability and his weapon.
1. Where are the enemy infantry and as horsemen, artillery and other units is? How many cars and armored trains, tanks and aircraft from the air does the enemy have? And where are they?
2. What kind of books defenses of the enemy are in front of him, behind him, and around its cities and other places? What kind of forces are defending?
3. Where camps of the enemy and arsenals?
4. What about the reserves of the enemy and the troops support? Where are they?
5. How is the morale of enemy soldiers? Are they ready to fight or not? What are their relationships with people and with their own officers?
6. What Is it provides the enemy military equipment, bedding and clothing, food and other items?
4. ESPIONAGE ON THE GROUND.
1. Firstly, we must pay attention to the most important roads in this area and their direction, their width, type of surface, whether or not they are muddy, etc., and
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